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#Civil Rights
#Civil Rights
106 entries
People
(36)
Barack Obama
44th President of the United States, 2009–2017
Betty Friedan
Author of The Feminine Mystique and Founder of Second-Wave Feminism, 1921–2006
Booker T. Washington
Educator, founder of Tuskegee Institute, and architect of the Atlanta Compromise
Cesar Chavez
Labor organizer who won rights for America's farmworkers
Earl Warren
Chief Justice whose Court transformed American civil rights, 1953–1969
Eleanor Roosevelt
First Lady, diplomat, and the human rights conscience of the 20th century
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Suffragist, abolitionist, and primary architect of the American women's rights movement
Fannie Lou Hamer
Sharecropper, Voting Rights Activist, and Voice of the Mississippi Freedom Movement, 1917–1977
Frederick Douglass
Abolitionist, orator, and the 19th century's most powerful voice against American slavery
George Mason
Author of the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the conscience of the Constitutional Convention
Gloria Steinem
Journalist and activist who became the defining public voice of second-wave American feminism
Harriet Tubman
Abolitionist, Union spy, and conductor of the Underground Railroad
Helen Keller
Deaf-blind author and activist whose radicalism the 20th century spent decades trying to forget
Huey Newton
Co-founder of the Black Panther Party and Revolutionary of the Black Power Era, 1942–1989
Ida B. Wells
Journalist, anti-lynching crusader, and one of the founders of the NAACP
Jackie Robinson
The Man Who Broke Baseball's Color Line, 1919–1972
James Baldwin
Novelist and essayist who bore witness to race in America with unmatched clarity
Jesse Owens
Four Gold Medals at Hitler's Olympics, 1913–1980
John F. Kennedy
35th President of the United States, 1961–1963
Joseph McCarthy
U.S. Senator whose anti-Communist crusade defined — and disgraced — an era
Langston Hughes
Poet, Playwright, and Voice of the Harlem Renaissance
Lyndon B. Johnson
The Texas dealmaker who built the Great Society and broke himself on Vietnam
Malcolm X
The civil rights era's most uncompromising voice for Black self-determination and human dignity
Martin Luther King Jr.
Baptist minister who led the American civil rights movement
Medgar Evers
NAACP Field Secretary in Mississippi, Assassinated June 12, 1963
Norman Rockwell
America's most beloved illustrator — and a more complicated artist than his reputation suggests
Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
The Great Dissenter — Supreme Court Justice and philosopher of American law, 1902–1932
Robert F. Kennedy
Attorney General, Senator, and presidential candidate assassinated in 1968
Rosa Parks
Civil rights activist whose 1955 arrest sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott
Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Supreme Court Justice and architect of American gender equality law, 1993–2020
Sandra Day O'Connor
First woman to serve on the Supreme Court, 1981–2006
Sojourner Truth
Abolitionist, suffragist, and orator who escaped slavery to become its most forceful living refutation
Susan B. Anthony
The suffragist whose half-century of organizing made the 19th Amendment possible
Thaddeus Stevens
Radical Republican Congressman and Architect of Reconstruction
Thurgood Marshall
The lawyer who dismantled segregation in court and became the first Black Supreme Court Justice
W.E.B. Du Bois
Sociologist, co-founder of the NAACP, and theorist of Black identity in America
Places
(10)
Alcatraz Island
The island fortress in San Francisco Bay that held the nation's most dangerous men — and became a symbol of Native resistance
Atlanta
The phoenix city of the New South, rebuilt from Sherman's ashes into a regional capital
Boston
Birthplace of the American Revolution and one of the republic's oldest cities
California
The state that absorbed the Gold Rush, built Hollywood, and became America's largest economy
Chicago
The city that built itself from nothing, burned down, rebuilt, and became America's most American city
Detroit
The Motor City that built America's middle class and paid the price of its collapse
Los Angeles
The city that became America's second metropolis by inventing itself from scratch
Massachusetts
Cradle of the American Revolution and of American intellectual life
New York
The empire state — gateway, financial capital, and engine of American ambition
San Francisco
California's gateway city, remade by gold, catastrophe, and perpetual reinvention
Eras
(2)
Civil Rights Era
The 14 years of legislation, protest, and federal action that dismantled legal segregation, 1954–1968
Reconstruction
The unfinished project of rebuilding the South and remaking American citizenship, 1865–1877
Events
(22)
Assassination of Malcolm X
The 1965 killing of a defining voice of Black radicalism
Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
The 1968 killing that convulsed the nation and the movement
Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy
The 1968 murder that silenced a generation's hope
Chicago 1968
The Democratic Convention that tore a party apart and handed the White House to Nixon
Civil Rights Movement
The decades-long struggle that dismantled legal segregation and reshaped American democracy
Election of 1968
Nixon's narrow victory amid assassination, riots, and the collapse of the New Deal coalition
Freedmen's Bureau
The federal agency that tried — and was not allowed — to secure Black Americans' freedom
Internment of Japanese Americans
The forced relocation of 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II
Juneteenth
June 19, 1865 — the day freedom finally arrived in Texas, and the holiday it became
Los Angeles Riots (1992)
Six days of urban unrest following the acquittal of officers who beat Rodney King
March on Washington
The August 1963 demonstration where 250,000 Americans demanded civil rights — and heard a dream
Montgomery Bus Boycott
The 381-day protest that launched the modern civil rights movement
Murder of George Floyd
The 2020 killing that triggered a global racial-justice reckoning
Selma to Montgomery Marches
The 1965 voting rights marches that broke open the conscience of a nation
Stonewall Riots
The 1969 Greenwich Village uprising that launched the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement
The AIDS Epidemic
A public-health catastrophe that reshaped medicine and activism
The Freedom Rides
The 1961 campaign that put civil rights on buses and forced the federal government to act
The Great Migration
The movement of six million Black Americans from the South to the North and West, 1910–1970
The Harlem Renaissance
The explosion of Black art, literature, and music that redefined American culture, 1920–1940
Watts Riots
Six Days of Uprising That Redefined the Civil Rights Movement, 1965
Women's Suffrage Movement
The seven-decade campaign that won American women the right to vote in 1920
Wounded Knee 1973
The 71-Day AIM Occupation That Revived Native American Resistance
Documents
(21)
Brown v. Board of Education
The 1954 Supreme Court ruling that declared school segregation unconstitutional
Civil Rights Act of 1866
The first federal law to define American citizenship and guarantee equal rights regardless of race
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Reconstruction's promise of equal public life — struck down 89 years before it could be replaced
Civil Rights Act of 1964
The landmark law that banned discrimination and made legal segregation a federal crime
Civil Rights Act of 1968
The Fair Housing Act — Passed One Week After King's Assassination
Espionage Act of 1917
The Wartime Law That Criminalized Dissent — and Never Went Away
Fifteenth Amendment
The 1870 amendment that prohibited denying the vote on the basis of race
First Amendment
The constitutional guarantee of speech, press, religion, assembly, and petition
Fourteenth Amendment
The 1868 amendment that defined citizenship and guaranteed equal protection under the law
Gideon v. Wainwright
The unanimous 1963 ruling that guaranteed the right to counsel for every criminal defendant
I Have a Dream
Martin Luther King Jr. at the March on Washington, August 28, 1963
Loving v. Virginia
The 1967 ruling that struck down bans on interracial marriage
Miranda v. Arizona
The 1966 ruling that gave every suspect the right to silence
Nineteenth Amendment
The Constitutional Amendment That Gave Women the Right to Vote, 1920
Obergefell v. Hodges
The 2015 Supreme Court decision that established the constitutional right to same-sex marriage
Plessy v. Ferguson
The 1896 Supreme Court ruling that made "separate but equal" the law of the land
Roe v. Wade
The 1973 Supreme Court decision that made abortion a constitutional right — and its 2022 reversal
The Bill of Rights
The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, ratified 1791
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
The Hart-Celler Act that abolished the national-origins quotas and remade America
The USA PATRIOT Act
The 2001 law that expanded surveillance after September 11
Voting Rights Act of 1965
The law that finally enforced the 15th Amendment — nearly a century after its ratification
Concepts
(15)
Abolitionism
The movement to end slavery in America, from moral argument to political force
Affirmative Action
The Six-Decade Legal and Political Battle Over Race-Conscious Remediation
Black Lives Matter
The movement against racism and police violence born of a hashtag
Black Power
A movement demanding Black self-determination, pride, and political independence
Civil Disobedience
The deliberate, nonviolent refusal to obey unjust laws as a form of moral protest
Due Process
The constitutional guarantee that government cannot deprive citizens of life, liberty, or property without fair procedures
Equal Protection
The Fourteenth Amendment guarantee that government must treat similarly situated people equally under the law
Jim Crow Laws
The system of racial segregation that governed the South from Reconstruction to the 1960s
McCarthyism
The anti-communist witch hunt that suppressed dissent and defined postwar American politics
Red Scare
Two Episodes of Anti-Communist Hysteria That Reshaped American Civil Liberties
Segregation
The Legal and Social System That Enforced Racial Separation Across American Life
The Counterculture of the 1960s
The cultural rebellion that challenged postwar conformity and permanently altered American life
The Great Society
Lyndon Johnson's legislative program to end poverty and expand opportunity
Underground Railroad
The secret network of routes and safe houses that carried enslaved people to freedom
Women's Liberation Movement
The feminist uprising of the 1960s and '70s that transformed American law and culture
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42
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